Аккумуляторы виды и устройство: Виды и типы аккумуляторных батарей — подробно!

принцип работы, из чего состоит, назначение и схема акб

Автор Aluarius На чтение 10 мин. Просмотров 451 Опубликовано 29.05.2020

Принципиально устройство аккумулятора больше чем за 150 лет с момента его изобретения не изменилось, хотя современность внесла серьёзные новшества в технологические процессы их изготовления и используемые материалы, из чего состоит аккумулятор.

Автономный источник энергии

 

Что такое аккумулятор

Аккумулятор – автономный источник электричества, который накапливает, сохраняет и отдает энергию. Аккумуляторная батарея – важный элемент электрооборудования транспортного средства. Назначение акб определяется в запуске двигателя и обеспечении подачи электричества в бортовую сеть. Все электроприборы, когда выключен мотор, и не работает генератор, работают от батареи. Накопитель помогает в пробке, когда энергии генератора не хватает.

 

Устройство и принцип работы аккумулятора

Для того, чтобы разобраться, как работает аккумулятор, необходимо знать устройство акб, что внутри аккумулятора обеспечивает работу прибора. Основной принцип работы аккумулятора заключается в разности потенциалов при погружении двух пластин в электролит. В 12-ти вольтовой батарее объединены шесть аккумуляторов, каждый из которых вырабатывает 2 вольта. Все они объединены совместным корпусом, который образует единое целое конструкции.

Аккумулятор в разрезе

При работе этой конструкции, пластинки из-за действия серной кислоты выделяют сульфат свинца, в результате чего образуется электрический ток. Также выделяется вода, и поэтому концентрация электролита становится менее плотной. Во время зарядки АКБ процесс осуществляется в обратном порядке, свинец снова обретает металлическую форму, электролит становится более концентрированным. Принцип работы аккумулятора основан на методе двойной сульфатации, который позволяет полностью восстанавливать первоначальные свойства батареи. Срок службы аккумулятора зависит от качества используемых материалов, из чего состоит акб.

 

Схема строения

 

Схема строения

Виды аккумуляторов

Классификация акб по составу активного вещества

Свинцовые пластины, используемые в старых аккумуляторах перестали устраивать потребителей. Возникала необходимость по улучшению качества работы акб. Сначала добавили сурьму к свинцу, что позволило заметно продлить срок эксплуатации батареи. На следующем этапе – уменьшили процентное содержания сурьмы до оптимальной концентрации. Такой подход привел к созданию малообслуживаемых аккумуляторов, потому что в них уже намного реже требовался долив воды.

При использовании металлического кальция для покрытия пластин появились кальциевые энергосберегающие источники. В предыдущих моделях потери воды из-за электролиза на 12 вольт требовали постоянного долива, а кальций позволил повысить этот порог до 16 вольт. Так появилась возможность в производстве необслуживаемых аккумуляторов использовать герметичный, неразборной корпус.

• Сурьмянистые батареи относятся к классике из-за повышенного состава сурьмы, которая ускоряет процесс электролиза.
• В малосурьмянистых акб материалом для пластин служит свинец с небольшой примесью сурьмы. В них степень саморазряда значительно меньше, чем в сурьмянистых АКБ.
• При производстве кальциевых источников свинцовые пластины легированы до 0,1% кальцием. Они могут иметь различные заряды, как отрицательный, так и положительный.
• Гибридные источники энергии вытесняют кальциевые. Конструктивные отличия состоят в том, что при их производстве объединили две технологии: одна, когда пластины формируются из сплава свинца и сурьмы, положительные электроды, а другая – когда пластины формируются из сплава свинца и кальция, отрицательные электроды.
• EFB является улучшенной жидкозаполненной батареей. Свинцовые пластины в ЕФБ аккумуляторах в два раза толще, чем у обычных, вследствие чего увеличивается их ёмкость. Каждая из пластин закрыта в пакет из специальной ткани, который наполнен жидким сернокислотным электролитом.
• В гелевых аккумуляторах применяется гелеобразный электролит. Такая технология позволила снизить текучесть электролита, в котором содержится агрессивная серная кислота.
• В литиевых акб используется жидкий электролит, представляющий собой раствор фторсодержащих солей лития в смеси эфиров угольной кислоты.
• Отличительной особенностью AGM является то, что в электролит с помощью специальной технологии между пластинами вставляются стекловолоконные микропористые прокладки.
• Во всех щелочных батареях применяется растворенная в воде щёлочь.

Классификация батарей по типу электролита

Электролиты бывают кислотными, щелочными. Щелочные растворы используются в заправке аккумуляторных батарей. Щелочные аккумуляторные жидкости представляют собой сильные основания, которые проявляют большую активность по отношению к металлам и кислотам. При реакциях с кислотами образуются соль и вода. Растворы щелочей подвергаются гидролизу. Химические свойства позволяют использовать этот тип электропроводящей жидкости для накопления электрической энергии в аккумуляторе.

Кислотные смеси с дистиллированной водой применяются в основном в автомобильных аккумуляторах. Такие составы можно приобрести в специализированных магазинах или же приготовить самостоятельно в домашних условиях. На заводе процесс изготовления таких смесей осуществляется в масштабном производстве по ГОСТу. В домашней обстановке также возможно довольно точно при соблюдении обязательных пропорций и правил техники безопасности смешать кислоту с дистиллированной водой.

Важно! вода при минусовых температурах превращается в лед. Всегда при морозе нужно применять меры, необходимые для предотвращения замерзания аккумулятора.

 

Основные технические характеристики аккумуляторов

Номинальная емкость аккумулятора

Номинальная емкость элемента – способность накапливать и отдавать электроэнергию постоянного тока, определяет время автономной работы ИБП. Емкость электрического аккумулятора показывает время питания подключенной к нему нагрузки.

Важно! Емкость не характеризует полностью энергию аккумулятора, т.е. энергию, которая может быть накоплена в полностью заряженном аккумуляторе. Чем больше напряжение аккумулятора, тем больше накопленная в нем энергия.

Емкость всегда указывается на корпусе АКБ, а также на упаковке, ведь именно по этому критерию большинство пользователей выбирают нужную модель.

Пусковой ток

Величину, характеризующую параметр тока, протекающего в стартере автомобиля в момент пуска силового узла, принято считать пусковым током. Пусковой ток или стартерный возникает в момент, когда в замке зажигания поворачивается ключ и начинает проворачиваться стартер. Единица измерения величины – Ампер. Он же ток холодной прокрутки является показателем, как аккумулятор поведет себя в морозную погоду и сможет запустить двигатель при минусовых показателях. Определяется мощностью тока, которую батарея может выдать в течение первых 30 секунд при температуре -18°С. При высоких показателях пускового тока увеличиваются шансы завести машину при минусовой температуре.

Полярность

Порядок расположения на крышке аккумулятора присоединительных клемм, которые являются токовыводящими соединительными элементами, называется полярностью. Полюса всего два – положительный и отрицательный, вариантов расположения – прямое и обратное.

Прямая полярность – отечественная разработка. Чтобы ее определить, нужно повернуть аккумулятор таким образом, чтобы этикетка была перед глазами. При расположении плюсовой клеммы слева, а минусовой справа, можно утверждать, что акб с прямой полярностью. На иномарках устанавливаются аккумуляторные батареи обратной полярности.

Прямая, обратная полярность

Исполнение корпуса

Корпус большинства аккумуляторов состоит из ударопрочного полипропилена, который характеризуется как материал легкий, не вступающий в химическую реакцию с агрессивным электролитом АКБ. Полипропилен довольно стоек к перепадам температур, возникающих под капотом автомобиля, нагрев может достигать до +60 ̊С, а при морозах до -30°С. Корпус большинства АКБ состоит из ручки для переноса, пробок, индикатора заряда, клемм для подключения к электросети. Вес АКБ емкостью 55Ач около 16,5 кг. Традиционно появились американский, европейский, азиатский и российский типы корпусов.

Европейские корпусы и американские имеют идентичные габариты. Например, у батарей емкостью 60 Ач общая высота от 17,5 до 19 сантиметров. У азиатских этот показатель немного выше, до 22 сантиметров за счет верхнего расположения электродов. Именно поэтому важно корректно анализировать возможности посадочного места под капотом, чтобы надежно закрепить АКБ прижимной планкой и избежать замыкания при случайном касании токоотводами металлических частей кузова.

У АКБ с европейским типом корпуса клеммы находятся в углублении, их верхний край не выступает над плоскостью крышки. Иногда клеммы дополнительно защищены от внешнего воздействия специальными крышечками. Азиатский тип корпуса – это коробка, на которой клеммы расположились на верхней крышке, верхний край клемм является самой высокой точкой аккумулятора. Какую клемму снимать с аккумулятора первой читайте здесь. 

Важно! При приобретении акб нужно знать, что европейские производители указывают габаритные размеры аккумулятора по корпусу. На азиатских корпусах могут указывать высоту батареи с учетом клемм или без них.

Российский стандарт акб

Обозначение	Описание букв
А	АКБ имеет общую крышку для всего корпуса
З	Корпус батареи залит и она является полностью заряженной изначально
Э	Корпус-моноблок АКБ выполнен из эбонита
Т	Корпус-моноблок АБК выполнен из термопластика
М	В корпусе использованы сепараторы типа минпласта из ПВХ
П	В конструкции использованы полиэтиленовые сепараторы-конверты

 

Европейские корпусы и американские имеют идентичные габариты

Тип и размер клемм

Распространены аккумуляторы с клеммами трех разных стандартов: тип Euro – Type 1, и Asia –Type 3, «под болт» – американский стандарт. В типе Euro плюсовая клемма имеет диаметр 19,5 мм, минусовая клемма – 17,9 мм. В типе Asia клемма плюс имеет диаметр 12,7 мм, клемма минусовая – 11,1 мм. Клеммы «под болт» находятся на боковой стенке аккумулятора и сверху. Болт, соединённый с проводом, продевается в отверстие клеммы и фиксируется гайкой.

Американский стандарт

Тип крепления

При выборе акб особое внимание следует обращать на тип крепления АКБ, при котором батарея может крепиться снизу или сверху. Вверху крепится элемент с помощью специальной монтажной рамки, которая охватывает аккумулятор. Крепление аккумулятора происходит с помощью планки и двух шпилек. Чаще такой вид установки и фиксации аккумуляторной батареи встречается на автомобилях китайского или корейского производства.

Тип крепления встречается на «азиатах»

 

Нижнее крепление применимо на европейских автомобилях. На нижней части корпуса акб находится выступ, за который аккумулятор прижимается к платформе с помощью пластины и винта.

Нижнее крепление

Назначение аккумуляторных батарей

Автомобильная аккумуляторная батарея выступает как источником электрического тока, необходимого для пуска двигателя, так и резервным источником питания, в случае, если энергии, вырабатываемой генератором, оказывается мало для электроснабжения авто. Аккумуляторная батарея действует как стабилизатор напряжения, так как она выполняет роль накопителя электроэнергии, отдающего во время пуска двигателя за короткое время большой ток, и пополняемого постепенно генератором автомобиля в процессе подзарядки.

Важно! Перед проверкой системы электроснабжения и электрического пуска, необходимо убедиться в том, что аккумуляторная батарея находится в заряженном состоянии и готова к эксплуатации.

В каких сферах используется

Аккумуляторные батареи используются как дополнительный или основной источник питания. Надежность, простота в использовании позволяет применять батареи в различных областях:

• автомобильная промышленность;
• освещение в аварийном состоянии;
• переносное электрооборудование;
• медицинское оборудование;
• игрушки;
• сигнализация в разных сферах применения;
• телекоммуникационное оборудование.

 

Применение батареи в игрушках

Роль акб в работе приборов не оспорима. Применение источника энергии практически во всех отраслях доказывает значимость и необходимость знаний о внутреннем содержимом батарей. С использованием в автомобилях широкого разнообразия электроприборов, кондиционеров, мультимедийных центров, генераторы не всегда справляются с обеспечением их энергией. В этом случае подпитка энергией поступает от АКБ, который кроме этого выполняет основную функцию, обеспечивает электроэнергией стартер двигателя. Водителю необходимо знать, как устроен аккумулятор, чтобы выявить сбои в работе источника энергии, назначение аккумулятора, чтобы правильно использовать ресурс, подобрать батарею к условиям эксплуатации и автомобилю. О способах и рекомендациях как проверить аккумулятор читай тут.

90000 Different Types of Batteries and their Applications 90001 90002 A battery is a collection of one or more cells that go under chemical reactions to create the flow of electrons within a circuit. There is lot of research and advancement going on in battery technology, and as a result, breakthrough technologies are being experienced and used around the world currently. Batteries came into play due to the need to store generated electrical energy. As much as a good amount of energy was being generated, it was important to store the energy so it can be used when generation is down or when there is a need to power standalone devices which can not be kept tethered to the supply from the mains.Here it should be noted that only DC can be stored in the batteries, AC current can not be stored. 90003 90002 90005 Battery cells 90006 are usually made up of three main components; 90003 90008 90009 The Anode (Negative Electrode) 90010 90009 The Cathode (Positive Electrode) 90010 90009 The electrolytes 90010 90015 90002 The anode is a negative electrode that produces electrons to the external circuit to which the battery is connected. When batteries are connected, an electron build up is initiated at the anode which causes a potential difference between the two electrodes.The electrons naturally then try to redistribute themselves, this is prevented by the electrolyte, so when an electrical circuit is connected, it provides a clear path for the electrons to move from the anode to the cathode thereby powering the circuit to which it is connected. 90003 90002 90003 90020 90005 Types of Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Batteries generally can be classified into different categories and types, ranging from chemical composition, size, form factor and use cases, but under all of these are two major battery types; 90003 90008 90009 Primary Batteries 90010 90009 Secondary Batteries 90010 90015 90020 90005 1.Primary Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Primary batteries are batteries that 90005 can not be recharged 90006 once depleted. Primary batteries are made of electrochemical cells whose electrochemical reaction can not be reversed. 90003 90002 Primary batteries exist in different forms 90005 ranging from coin cells to AA batteries 90006. They are commonly used in standalone applications where charging is impractical or impossible. A good example of which is in military grade devices and battery powered equipment.It will be impractical to use rechargeable batteries as recharging a battery will be the last thing in the mind of the soldiers. Primary batteries always have high specific energy and the systems in which they are used are always designed to consume low amount of power to enable the battery last as long as possible. 90003 90002 90045 90003 90002 90003 90002 Some other 90005 examples of devices using primary batteries include 90006; Pace makers, Animal trackers, Wrist watches, remote controls and children toys to mention a few.90003 90002 The most popular type of primary batteries are 90005 alkaline batteries 90006. They have a high specific energy and are environmentally friendly, cost-effective and do not leak even when fully discharged. They can be stored for several years, have a good safety record and can be carried on an aircraft without being subject to UN Transport and other regulations. The only downside to alkaline batteries is the low load current, which limits its use to devices with low current requirements like remote controls, flashlights and portable entertainment devices.90003 90002 90003 90020 90005 2. Secondary Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Secondary batteries are batteries with electrochemical cells whose chemical reactions can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the reversed direction. Also referred to as 90005 rechargeable batteries 90006, secondary cells unlike primary cells can be recharged after the energy on the battery has been used up. 90003 90002 They are typically used in high drain applications and other scenarios where it will be either too expensive or impracticable to use single charge batteries.Small capacity secondary batteries are used to power portable electronic devices like 90005 mobile phones 90006, and other gadgets and appliances while heavy-duty batteries are used in powering diverse 90005 electric vehicles 90006 and other high drain applications like load levelling in electricity generation. They are also used as standalone power sources alongside 90005 Inverters to supply electricity 90006. Although the initial cost of acquiring rechargeable batteries is always a whole lot higher than that of primary batteries but they are the most cost-effective over the long-term.90003 90002 Secondary batteries can be further classified into several other types based on their chemistry 90005. 90006 This is very important because the chemistry determines some of the attributes of the battery including its specific energy, cycle life, shelf life, and price to mention a few. 90003 90002 There are basically four major chemistries for rechargeable batteries; 90003 90008 90009 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) 90010 90009 Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) 90010 90009 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) 90010 90009 Lead-Acid 90010 90015 90020 90023 90020 90005 1.Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 90006 90023 90002 The nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable battery which is developed using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Ni-Cd batteries excel at maintaining voltage and holding charge when not in use. However, NI-Cd batteries easily fall a victim of the dreaded «memory» effect when a partially charged battery is recharged, lowering the future capacity of the battery. 90003 90002 90100 90003 90002 90003 90002 In comparison with other types of rechargeable cells, Ni-Cd batteries offer good life cycle and performance at low temperatures with a fair capacity but their most significant advantage will be their ability to deliver their full rated capacity at high discharge rates.They are available in different sizes including the sizes used for alkaline batteries, AAA to D. Ni-Cd cells are used individual or assembled in packs of two or more cells. The small packs are used in portable devices, electronics and toys while the bigger ones find application in aircraft starting batteries, Electric vehicles and standby power supply. 90003 90002 Some of the properties of Nickel-Cadmium batteries are listed below. 90003 90108 90009 Specific Energy: 40-60W-h / kg 90010 90009 Energy Density: 50-150 W-h / L 90010 90009 Specific Power: 150W / kg 90010 90009 Charge / discharge efficiency: 70-90% 90010 90009 Self-discharge rate: 10% / month 90010 90009 Cycle durability / life: 2000cycles 90010 90121 90002 90003 90020 90005 2.Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) is another type of chemical configuration used for rechargeable batteries. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode of batteries is similar to that of the nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd), with both battery type using the same nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes in Nickel-Metal Hydride use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium which is used in NiCd batteries 90003 90002. 90131 90003 90002 90003 90002 NiMH batteries find application in high drain devices because of their high capacity and energy density.A NiMH battery can possess two to three times the capacity of a NiCd battery of the same size, and its energy density can approach that of a lithium-ion battery. Unlike the NiCd chemistry, batteries based on the 90005 NiMH chemistry are not susceptible to the «memory» 90006 effect that NiCads experience. 90003 90002 Below are some of the properties of batteries based on the Nickel-metal hydride chemistry; 90003 90108 90009 Specific Energy: 60-120h / kg 90010 90009 Energy Density: 140-300 Wh / L 90010 90009 Specific Power: 250-1000 W / kg 90010 90009 Charge / discharge efficiency: 66% — 92% 90010 90009 Self-discharge rate: 1.3-2.9% / month at 20 90151 o 90152 C 90010 90009 Cycle Durability / life: 180 -2000 90010 90121 90002 90003 90020 90005 3. Lithium-ion Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Lithium ion batteries are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries. They are found in different portable appliances including mobile phones, smart devices and several other battery appliances used at home. They also find applications in aerospace and military applications due to their lightweight nature. 90003 90002 90166 90003 90002 90003 90002 Lithium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions from the negative electrode migrate to the positive electrode during discharge and migrate back to the negative electrode when the battery is being charged.Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in non-rechargeable lithium batteries. 90003 90002 Lithium ion batteries generally possess high energy density, little or no memory effect and low self-discharge compared to other battery types. Their chemistry alongside performance and cost vary across different use cases for example, Li-ion batteries used in handheld electronic devices are usually based on lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 90173 2 90174) which provides high energy density and low safety risks when damaged while Li- ion batteries based on Lithium iron phosphate which offer a lower energy density are safer due to a reduced likelihood of unfortunate events happening are widely used in powering electric tools and medical equipment.Lithium ion batteries offer the best performance to weight ratio with the lithium sulphur battery offering the highest ratio. 90003 90002 Some of the attributes of lithium ion batteries are listed below; 90003 90108 90009 Specific Energy: 100: 265W-h / kg 90010 90009 Energy Density: 250: 693 W-h / L 90010 90009 Specific Power: 250: 340 W / kg 90010 90009 Charge / discharge percentage: 80-90% 90010 90009 Cycle Durability: 400 1200 cycles 90010 90009 Nominal cell voltage: NMC 3.6 / 3.85V 90010 90121 90002 90003 90020 90005 4.Lead-Acid Batteries 90006 90023 90002 Lead acid batteries are a low-cost reliable power workhorse used in heavy duty applications. They are usually very large and because of their weight, they’re always used in non-portable applications such as solar-panel energy storage, vehicle ignition and lights, backup power and load levelling in power generation / distribution. The lead-acid is the oldest type of rechargeable battery and still very relevant and important into today’s world. Lead acid batteries have very low energy to volume and energy to weight ratios but it has a relatively large power to weight ratio and as a result can supply huge surge currents when needed.These attributes alongside its low cost makes these batteries attractive for use in several high current applications like powering automobile starter motors and for storage in backup power supplies. 90003 90002 90201 90003 90002 90003 90002 Each of these batteries has its area of ​​best fit and the image below is to help choose between them. 90003 90002 90208 90003 90002 90003 90020 90005 Selecting the right battery for your application 90006 90023 90002 One of the main problems hindering technology revolutions like IoT is power, battery life affects the successful deployment of devices that require long battery life and even though several power management techniques are being adopted to make the battery last longer, a compatible battery must still be selected to achieve the desired outcome.90003 90002 Below are some factors to consider when selecting the right type of battery for your project. 90003 90002 1. 90005 Energy Density: 90006 The energy density is the total amount of energy that can be stored per unit mass or volume. This determines how long your device stays on before it needs a recharge. 90003 90002 90005 2. Power Density: 90006 Maximum rate of energy discharge per unit mass or volume. Low power: laptop, i-pod. High power: power tools. 90003 90002 90005 3.Safety 90006: It is important to consider the temperature at which the device you are building will work. At high temperatures, certain battery components will breakdown and can undergo exothermic reactions. High temperatures generally reduces the performance of most batteries. 90003 90002 90005 4. Life cycle durability: 90006 The stability of energy density and power density of a battery with repeated cycling (charging and discharging) is needed for the long battery life required by most applications.90003 90002 90005 5. Cost: 90006 Cost is an important part of any engineering decisions you will be making. It is important that the cost of your battery choice is commensurate with its performance and will not increase the overall cost of the project abnormally. 90003 .90000 Types of Batteries / Power Source: Working Principles and Advantages 90001 90002 Batteries are the most common power source for basic handheld devices to large scale industrial applications. A battery can be defined as; it is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells that are capable of converting stored chemical energy into electrical energy. 90003 90002 90005 90005 90003 90008 Working of Battery: 90009 90002 A battery is a device, which consists of a various voltaic cells.Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte holding anions and cat ions. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions move, i.e. the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cat ions move, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. 90003 90002 In the redox reaction that powers the battery, reduction occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation occurs to anions at the anode.The electrodes do not touch one another but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Mostly the half cells have different electrolytes. All things considered every half-cell is enclosed in a container and a separator that is porous to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevent mixing. 90003 90014 90014 Working of Battery 90002 Each half cell has an electromotive force (Emf), determined by its capacity to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emf of its half-cells.In this way, if the electrodes have emf and in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. 90003 90008 How to maintain the Battery? 90009 90002 To maintain the battery in good condition, battery equalization is necessary. Due to aging, all the cells do not charge similarly and some cells accept charge extremely fast while others charge gradually. Equalization can be done by marginally over charging the battery to allow the weaker cells also to charge completely.The terminal voltage of a completely charged battery is12V, automobile battery shows 13.8V in its terminals while a 12 volt tubular battery will show 14.8V. Automobile battery should be firmly fixed in the vehicle to avoid shake. Inverter battery should be placed on a wooden plank if possible. 90003 90008 2 Types of Batteries 90009 90024 1) Primary Batteries: 90025 90002 As the name indicates these batteries are meant for single usage. Once these batteries are used they can not be recharged as the devices are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms.Battery manufacturers recommend against recharge of primary cells. 90003 90028 90028 90002 Some of the examples for the disposable batteries are the normal AA, AAA batteries which we use in wall clocks, television remote etc. Other name for these batteries is disposable batteries. 90003 90032 90032 Types Battery 90024 2) Secondary Batteries: 90025 90002 Secondary batteries are also called as rechargeable batteries. These batteries can be used and recharges simultaneously. They are usually assembled with active materials with active in the discharged state.Rechargeable batteries are recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge. Chargers are devices which supply the required current. 90003 90002 Some examples for these rechargeable batteries are the batteries used in mobile phones, MP3 players etc. Devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches use miniature cells and in places such as telephone exchanges or computer data centre’s, larger batteries are used. 90003 90040 90040 Secondary Batteries 90008 Types of Secondary (rechargeable) Batteries: 90009 90002 SMF, Lead Acid, Li and Nicd 90003 90024 SMF Battery: 90025 90002 SMF is a 90049 90050 sealed maintenance free battery, designed to offer reliable, consistent and low maintenance power for UPS applications.These batteries can be subject to deep cycle applications and minimum maintenance in rural and power deficit areas. These batteries are available from 12V. 90003 90002 In today’s informative world, one can not overlook the requirement for battery systems are designed to recover crucial qualified data and information and run basic instrumentations for desired durations. Batteries are required to deliver instant power. Unreliable and inferior batteries can result in the loss of data and equipment shutdowns that can cost companies considerable financial losses.Subsequently, the UPS segments calls for the utilization of a reliable and proven battery system. 90003 90054 90054 SMF Battery 90024 Lithium (Li) Battery: 90025 90002 We all use it in portable devices such as cell phone, a laptop computer or a power tool. The lithium battery has been one of the greatest achievements in portable power in the last decade; with use of lithium batteries we have been able to shift from black and white mobile to color mobiles with additional features like GPS, email alerts etc.These are the high energy density potential devices for higher capacities. And relatively low self-discharge batteries. Also Special cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools. 90003 90060 90060 Li Battery 90024 Nickel Cadmium (Nicd) Battery: 90025 90002 The Nickel Cadmium batteries have the advantage of being recharged many times and possess a relatively constant potential during discharge and have more electrical and physical withstanding capacity. This battery uses nickel oxide for cathode, a cadmium compound for anode and potassium hydroxide solution as its electrolyte.90003 90002 90067 90067 90003 90002 When the battery is charged, the chemical composition of the cathode is transformed and the nickel hydroxide changes to NIOOH. In the anode, formation of Cadmium ions take place from Cadmium Hydroxide. When battery is discharged, the cadmium reacts with NiOOH to form back nickel hydroxide and Cadmium Hydroxide. 90003 90072 Cd + 2h3O + 2NiOOH -> 2Ni (OH) 2 + Cd (OH) 2 90003 90024 Lead Acid Battery: 90025 90002 Lead Acid batteries are widely used in automobiles, inverters, backup power systems etc.Unlike tubular and maintenance free batteries, Lead Acid batteries require proper care and maintenance to prolong its life. The Lead Acid battery consists of a series of plates kept immersed in sulphuric acid solution. The plates have grids on which the active material is attached. The plates are divided into positive and negative plates. The positive plates hold pure lead as the active material while lead oxide is attached on the negative plates. 90003 90078 90078 Lead Acid Battery 90002 A completely charged battery can discharge its current when connected to a load.During the process of discharge, the sulphuric acid combines with the active materials on the positive and negative plates resulting in the formation of Lead sulphate. Water is the single most important step in maintaining a Lead Acid battery. The frequency of water depends on usage, charge method and operating temperature. During process, the hydrogen atoms from the sulphuric acid react with oxygen to form water. 90003 90002 This results in the release of electrons from the positive plates which will be accepted by the negative plates.This leads to the formation of an electric potential across the battery. The electrolyte in the Lead Acid battery is a mixture of Sulphuric acid and water which has a specific gravity. Specific gravity is the weight of the acid-water mixture compared to equal volume of water. The specific gravity of pure ions free water is 1. 90003 90002 The lead-acid batteries provide the best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour; have the longest life cycle and a large environmental advantage in that they are recycled at an extraordinarily high rate.No other chemistry can touch the infrastructure that exists for collecting, transporting and recycling lead-acid batteries. 90003 90002 Along with this article, Lithium ion battery is discussed with its advantages and disadvantages. 90003 90008 Working of Lithium — Ion Battery 90009 90002 90091 90091 90003 90002 Lithium -Ion batteries are now popular in majority of electronic portable devices like Mobile phone, Laptop, Digital Camera, etc due to their long lasting power efficiency. These are the most popular rechargeable batteries with advantages like best energy density, negligible charge loss and no memory effect.Li-Ion battery uses Lithium ions as the charge carriers which move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. During charging, the external current from the charger applies an over voltage than that in the battery. This forces the current to pass in the reverse direction from the positive to the negative electrode where the lithium ions get embedded in the porous electrode material through a process called Intercalation. The Li- Ions pass through the non aqueous electrolyte and a separator diaphragm.The electrode material is intercalated lithium compound. 90003 90002 The negative electrode of the Li-Ion battery is made up of carbon and the positive electrode is a metal oxide. The most commonly used material in the negative electrode is Graphite while that in the positive electrode may be Lithium cobalt oxide, Lithium ion phosphate or Lithium manganese oxide. Lithium salt in an organic solvent is used as the electrolyte. The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates like Ethylene carbonate or Diethyl carbonate containing lithium ions.The electrolyte uses anion salts like Lithium hexa fluoro phosphate, Lithium hexa fluoro arsenate monohydrate, Lithium per chlorate, Lithium hexa fluoro borate etc. Depending upon the salt used, the voltage, capacity and life of the battery varies. Pure lithium reacts with water vigorously to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen ions. So the electrolyte used is non aqueous organic solvent. The electrochemical role of the electrodes charge between anode and cathode depends on the direction of current flow.90003 90098 90098 Li Ion Battery Reaction 90002 In the Li-Ion battery, both the electrodes can accept and release lithium ions. During the Intercalation process, the lithium ions move into the electrode. During the reverse process called de intercalation, the lithium ions move back. During discharging, the positive lithium ions will be extracted from the negative electrodes and inserted into the positive electrode. During the charging process, the reverse movement of lithium ions takes place. 90003 90008 Advantages of Lithium — Ion Battery: 90009 90002 Lithium Ion batteries outperform NiCd batteries and other secondary batteries.Some of the advantages are 90003 90106 90107 Light weight compared to other batteries of similar size 90108 90107 Available in different shape including Flat shape 90108 90107 High open circuit voltage that increases the power transfer at low current 90108 90107 Lack of memory effect. 90108 90107 Very low self discharge rate of 5-10% per month. Self discharge is around 30% in NiCd and NiMh batteries. 90108 90107 Eco-friendly battery without any free lithium metal 90108 90119 90002 But along with the advantages, like other batteries, Li-Ion battery also suffers from some disadvantages.90003 90008 Disadvantages of Li-Ion Battery: 90009 90106 90107 The deposits inside the electrolyte over time will inhibit the flow of charge. This increases the internal resistance of the battery and the cell’s capacity to deliver current gradually decreases. 90108 90107 High charging and high temperature may leads to capacity loss 90108 90107 When overheated, Li-Ion battery may suffer thermal run away and cell rupture. 90108 90107 Deep discharge may short circuit the Li-Ion battery. So to prevent this, some makes have internal shut down circuitry that shut down the battery when its voltage is above the safe level of 3 to 4.2 volts. In this case, when the battery is not using for long time, the internal circuitry will consume power and drain the battery below its shut down voltage. So to charge such batteries normal chargers are not useful. 90108 90119.90000 Different Types of Batteries and Their Uses & Applications 90001 90002 90003 Battery 90004 is the primary power source for any electronics wireless gadget, be it a smartphone, laptop, watch or remote. Can you imagine the situation without these energy sources? We would not be able to build any wireless electronic device and have to rely on wired power source only, even electric cars and space missions would not be possible without Batteries. Today in this tutorial we discuss briefly about various types of batteries, their classification, terminology and specifications.90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 What is Battery and why it is used? 90004 90011 90002 Let’s see the basic 90003 difference between a battery and a cell 90004. Also let’s find out why we exactly need a battery and why can not we use the Alternating power (i.e., AC power from the wall sockets) instead of DC power. 90005 90002 90003 Cell: 90004 A cell is an energy source which can deliver only DC voltage and current which are in very small quantities. For example if we take cells that we use in watches or remote controls, it can give maximum of 1.5 — 3V. 90005 90002 90003 Battery: 90004 The functionality of the battery is exactly same as that of a cell but a 90003 battery is a pack of cells arranged is a series / parallel fashion 90004 so that the voltage can be raised to desired levels. The best known example for a battery is a power bank which is used to charge up smart phones. If we ever see the inside of a power bank we can find set of batteries arranged serially / parallel based on the requirement. Batteries are arranged in series to increase the voltage and in parallel to increase the current.90005 90002 Now 90003 Why DC is preferred over AC 90004? In most of the portable electronics, AC can not be stored where as DC can be stored without any difficulty. Even the losses due to AC power are more when compared to the DC power. That is the reason DC is preferred for portable electronic devices. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Technical terms used while dealing with batteries 90004 90011 90002 We can not just keep on using voltage and current alone to explain about a battery’s functionality, there are some unique terms that defines the characteristics of a battery like Watt-hour (mAh), C-rating, nominal voltage, charging voltage, charging current, discharging current, cut off voltage, shelf life, cycle life are the few terms used to define a batteries performance.90005 90002 Let’s discuss each of the term briefly, 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Power capacity 90004: 90005 90002 It is the 90003 energy stored in a battery 90004 which is measured in 90003 Watt-hour 90004 90005 90002 Watt-hour = V * I * hours {since voltage is kept constant, so it is measured in Ah / mAh} 90005 90002 90005 90002 We generally see the battery ratings as 2500 mAh or 4000 mAh while reading the specifications of a smart phone. What does that mean ?? Let’s see 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Example: 90004 90063 2500 mAh it means that the battery has a capability to deliver 2.5A / 2500mA of current to the load for 1 hour. The time that the battery works continuously depends upon the load current that it consumes. So if the load consumes only 25 mA of current then the battery can stay alive for 100 hours. How is it? 90064 90005 90002 90063 25 mA * 100 hours {so 25 mA of current for 100 hours} 90064 90005 90002 90063 Similarly 250 mA for 10 hours So on … 90064 90005 90002 90005 90002 Though the theoretical calculations seem ideal but the battery’s duration changes based on the temperature and the current consumption etc.90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Power capability 90004: 90005 90002 It means the 90003 amount of current that the battery can deliver 90004. It is also known as 90003 C-rating. 90004 90005 90002 Theoretically, it is calculated as A-h divided by 1 hour. 90005 90002 90005 90002 Example: Let’s consider a battery which has 10000 mAh of power capacity. 90005 90002 After dividing 10000 mA hour / 1 hour gives 10000 mA = 10 A = 90003 10 C 90004 90005 90002 So, a battery with 10000 mAh of capacity will have a C rating of 10 C which means the battery has a capability of delivering 10 A of current at a constant voltage (fixed voltage / rated voltage).90005 90002 If a battery has 1C rating then the battery has a capability of delivering 1A of current. 90005 90002 90063 Note 90003: 90004 90064 90003 90004 Higher the C rating, more the current that can be drawn from the battery. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Nominal voltage: 90004 90005 90002 While defining power capacity we have a unit called 90003 Wh 90004 which can be elaborated as V * I * hour but where did the voltage gone? As the voltage of the battery will be constant and will not be varied, it is considered as 90003 nominal voltage 90004 (fixed voltage).So since the voltage is fixed only Ampere and hour are considered as the unit (90003 Ah / mAh) 90004. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Charging current: 90004 90005 90002 It is the 90003 maximum current that can be applied to charge the battery 90004 i.e., practically maximum of 1A / 2A can be applied if a battery protecting circuit is in-built but still 500 mA is the best the range for charging the battery. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Charging voltage: 90004 90005 90002 It is the maximum voltage that should be applied to the battery to efficiently charge a battery.Basically 4.2 V is the best / standard charging voltage. Though we apply 5 V to the battery it accepts only 4.2 V. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Discharging current: 90004 90005 90002 It is the 90003 current that can be drawn from the battery and is delivered to the load 90004. 90063 90064 If the current drawn by the load is greater than the rated discharging current, the battery drains very fast which causes the battery heat up quickly which also causes the battery to explode. So it is cautious to determine the amount of current drawn by the load as well as the maximum discharging current a battery can withhold.90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Shelf life: 90004 90005 90002 There might be a situation where the batteries are kept idle / sealed especially in the stores / shops for a long period of time. 90063 So 90064 90003 shelf life defines the time period a battery can be stay powered up and should be able to use it for a rated time period 90004 90063. 90064 Shelf life is mainly considered for non-rechargeable batteries because those are of use and throw. For rechargeable batteries even if the shelf time is less, we can still recharge it.90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Cut-off voltage: 90004 90005 90002 It is the 90003 voltage at which the battery can be considered as fully discharged 90004, after which if we still try to discharge from it the battery gets damaged. So beyond the cut-off voltage the battery should be disconnected from the circuit and should be charged appropriately. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Cycle life: 90004 90005 90002 Let’s consider a battery is fully charged and it is discharged to 80% of its actual capacity, then the battery is said to be completed one cycle.Likewise the 90003 number of such cycles that a battery can charge and discharge defines the cycle life 90004. The more the cycle life the better will be the battery’s quality. But if a battery is discharged to say 40% of its actual capacity considering the battery is fully charged initially, it can not be considered as a cycle life. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Power density: 90004 90005 90002 It defines 90003 90004 power capacity of battery for a given mass of volume. 90005 90002 90003 90063 For example 90064 90004 100 Wh / Kg (Alkaline battery standard power density) implies that for 1 Kg of chemical composition it provides 100 Wh of power capacity.90005 90002 Now, volume of a AAA alkaline battery is 11.5 grams. So if 1Kg can give 100 Wh capacity, then how much a 11.5 gram AAA batery can give ?? Let’s calculate. 90005 90002 Wh (for 11.5 gm) = 100 * 11.5 / 1000 = 1.15 Wh 90005 90002 90005 90002 So, we know the nominal voltage of alkaline battery is 1.5V. So it provides 1.5V * (1.15 / 1.5) A * 1 hour gives 0.76 Ah = 760 mAh of power capacity which is almost equal to the power capacity of a standard AAA alkaline battery. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Types of Batteries 90004 90011 90002 Batteries are basically classified into 2 types: 90005 90222 90223 Non-rechargeable batteries (primary batteries) 90224 90223 Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) 90224 90227 90002 90005 90008 90003 Non-rechargeable Batteries 90004 90011 90002 These are basically considered as 90003 primary batteries 90004 because they can be used only once.These batteries can not be recharged and used again. Let’s see about the regular, daily life primary batteries that we see. 90005 90222 90223 90003 Alkaline batteries: 90004 It is basically constructed with the chemical composition of Zinc (Zn) and Manganese dioxide (MnO 90242 2 90243), as the electrolyte used in it is potassium hydroxide which is purely an alkaline substance the battery is named as alkaline battery having he power density of 100 Wh / Kg. 90224 90227 90002 90005 90002 90249 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Cycle life is more 90224 90223 More compatible and efficient for powering up portable devices.90224 90223 Shelf life is more. 90224 90223 Small in size. 90224 90223 Highly efficient. 90224 90223 Low internal resistance so that discharge state in idle state is less. 90224 90223 Leakage is low. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Cost is a bit high. Except it everything is an advantage. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 90005 90002 It can used in torches, remotes, wall clocks, small portable gadgets etc. 90005 90002 90005 90222 90223 90003 Coin cell batteries: 90004 The chemical composition of coil cell batteries is also alkaline in nature.Apart from alkaline composition, lithium and silver oxide chemicals will be used to manufacture these batteries which are more efficient in providing steady and stable voltage in such a small sizes. It has Power density of 270 Wh / Kg. 90224 90227 90002 90296 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Light in weight 90224 90223 Small in size 90224 90223 High density 90224 90223 Low cost 90224 90223 High nominal voltage (up to 3V) 90224 90223 Easy to get high voltages by arranging serially 90224 90223 Long shelf life 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Needs a holder 90224 90223 Low current draw capability 90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 90005 90002 Used in watches, wall clocks, miniature electronic products etc.90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Rechargeable Batteries 90004 90011 90002 These are generally called as 90003 secondary batteries 90004 which can be recharged and can be reused. Though the cost is high, but they can be recharged and reused and can have a huge life span when properly used and safely charged. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Lead-acid batteries 90004 90011 90002 It consists of lead-acid which is very cheap and seen mostly in cars and vehicles to power the lighting systems in it.These are more preferable in the products where the size / space and weight does not matter. These comes with the nominal voltage starting 2V to24V and most commonly seen as 2V, 6V, 12V and 24V batteries. It has Power density of 7 Wh / Kg. 90005 90002 90355 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Cheap in cost 90224 90223 Easily rechargeable 90224 90223 High power output capability 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Very heavy 90224 90223 Occupies much space 90224 90223 Power density is very low 90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 90005 90002 Used in cars, UPS (uninterrupted Power Supply), robotics, heavy machinery etc.. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Ni-Cd batteries 90004 90011 90002 These batteries are made of Nickel and Cadmium chemical composition. Though these are very rarely used, these are very cheap and their discharge rate is very low when compared to NiMH batteries. These are available in all standard sizes like AA, AAA, C and rectangular shapes. The nominal voltage is 1.2V, often connected together in a set of 3 which gives 3.6V. It has Power density of 60 Wh / Kg. 90005 90002 90398 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Cheap in cost 90224 90223 Easy to recharge 90224 90223 Can be used in all environments 90224 90223 Comes in all standard sizes 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Lower power density 90224 90223 Contains toxic metal 90224 90223 Needs to be charged very frequently in order to avoid growth of crystals on the battery plate.90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 90005 90002 Used in RC toys, cordless phones, solar lights and mostly in the applications where price is important. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Ni-MH batteries 90004 90011 90002 The Nickel — Metal Hydride batteries are much preferable than Ni-Cad batteries because of their lower environmental impact. Its nominal voltage is 1.25 V which is greater than Ni-Cad batteries. It has less nominal voltage than alkaline batteries and they are good replacement due to its availability and less environmental impact.The power density of Ni-MH batteries is 100 Wh / Kg. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Available in all standard sizes. 90224 90223 High power density. 90224 90223 Easy to recharge. 90224 90223 A good alternative to alkaline which has almost all similarities and also it is rechargeable. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Self-discharge is very high. 90224 90223 Expensive than Ni-Cad batteries.90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 90005 90002 Used in all applications similar to the alkaline and Ni-Cad batteries. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Li-ion batteries 90004 90011 90002 These are made up of Lithium metal and are latest in rechargeable technology. As these are compact in size they can be used in most of the portable applications which need high power specifications. These are the best rechargeable batteries available. These have a nominal voltage of 3.7V (most commonly we have 3.6V and 7.2V) and have various ranges of power capacity (starting from 100s of mAh to 1000s of mAh). Even the C-rating ranges from 1C to 10C and Power density of Li-ion batteries is 126 Wh / Kg. 90005 90002 90485 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Very light in weight. 90224 90223 High C-rating. 90224 90223 Power density is very high. 90224 90223 Cell voltage is high. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 These are a bit expensive.90224 90223 If the terminals are short circuited the battery might explode. 90224 90223 Battery protection circuit is needed. 90224 90272 90002 90005 90008 90003 Li-Po batteries 90004 90011 90002 These are also called as Lithium Ion polymer rechargeable batteries because it uses high conductivity polymer gel / polymers electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte. These come under the Li-ion technology. These are a bit costly. But the battery is very highly protected when compared to the Li-ion batteries.It has Power density of 185 Wh / Kg. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 Advantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 These are highly protective compared to Li-ion batteries. 90224 90223 Very light in weight 90224 90223 Thin in structure when compared to Li-ion batteries. 90224 90223 Power density, nominal voltages are comparatively very high compared to Ni-Cad and Ni-MH batteries. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90005 90257 90223 Expensive. 90224 90223 Might explode if wrongly connected.90224 90223 Should not be bent or exposed to high temperature which may cause to explosion. 90224 90272 90002 90003 Applications: 90004 Can be used in all the portable devices which need rechargeable advantage like drones, robotics, RC toys etc. 90005.90000 Advantages and limitations of the Different Types of Batteries 90001 90002 We often get puzzled by announcements of new batteries that are said to offer very high energy densities, deliver 1000 charge / discharge cycle and are paper-thin. Are they real? Perhaps — but not in one and the same battery. While one battery type may be designed for small size and long runtime, this pack will not last and wear out prematurely. Another battery may be built for long life, but the size is big and bulky.A third battery may provide all the desirable attributes, but the price would be too high for commercial use. 90003 90002 Battery manufacturers are well aware of customer needs and have responded by offering packs that best suit the specific applications. The mobile phone industry is an example of clever adaptation. Emphasis is placed on small size, high energy density and low price. Longevity comes in second. 90003 90002 The inscription of 90007 NiMH 90008 on a battery pack does not automatically guarantee high energy density.A prismatic Nickel-Metal Hydride battery for a mobile phone, for example, is made for slim geometry. Such a pack provides an energy density of about 60Wh / kg and the cycle count is around 300. In comparison, a cylindrical NiMH offers energy densities of 80Wh / kg and higher. Still, the cycle count of this battery is moderate to low. High durability NiMH batteries, which endure 1000 discharges, are commonly packaged in bulky cylindrical cells. The energy density of these cells is a modest 70Wh / kg. 90003 90002 Compromises also exist on lithium-based batteries.Li-ion packs are being produced for defense applications that far exceed the energy density of the commercial equivalent. Unfortunately, these super-high capacity Li-ion batteries are deemed unsafe in the hands of the public and the high price puts them out of reach of the commercial market. 90003 90002 In this article we look at the advantages and limitations of the commercial battery. The so-called miracle battery that merely live in controlled environments is excluded. We scrutinize the batteries not only in terms of energy density but also longevity, load characteristics, maintenance requirements, self-discharge and operational costs.Since NiCd remains a standard against which other batteries are compared, we evaluate alternative chemistries against this classic battery type. 90003 90002 90015 Nickel Cadmium 90016 (NiCd) — mature and well understood but relatively low in energy density. The NiCd is used where long life, high discharge rate and economical price are important. Main applications are two-way radios, biomedical equipment, professional video cameras and power tools. The NiCd contains toxic metals and is environmentally unfriendly.90003 90002 90015 Nickel-Metal Hydride 90016 (NiMH) — has a higher energy density compared to the NiCd at the expense of reduced cycle life. NiMH contains no toxic metals. Applications include mobile phones and laptop computers. 90003 90002 90015 Lead Acid 90016 — most economical for larger power applications where weight is of little concern. The lead acid battery is the preferred choice for hospital equipment, wheelchairs, emergency lighting and UPS systems. 90003 90002 90015 Lithium Ion 90016 (Li-ion) — fastest growing battery system.Li-ion is used where high-energy density and lightweight is of prime importance. The technology is fragile and a protection circuit is required to assure safety. Applications include notebook computers and cellular phones. 90003 90002 90015 Lithium Ion Polymer 90016 (Li-ion polymer) — offers the attributes of the Li-ion in ultra-slim geometry and simplified packaging. Main applications are mobile phones. 90003 90002 Figure 1 compares the characteristics of the six most commonly used rechargeable battery systems in terms of energy density, cycle life, exercise requirements and cost.The figures are based on average ratings of commercially available batteries at the time of publication. 90003 90036 90037 90038 90039 90040 90039 90015 NiCd 90016 90040 90039 90015 NiMH 90016 90040 90039 90015 Lead Acid 90016 90040 90039 90015 Li-ion 90016 90040 90039 90015 Li-ion polymer 90016 90040 90039 90015 Reusable 90063 Alkaline 90016 90040 90066 90038 90068 90069 90070 90038 90072 90040 90066 90075 90076 90040 90066 90079 90070 90038 90068 90069 90070 90038 90072 90040 90066 90075 90076 90040 90066 90075 90070 90038 90096 Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh / kg) 90040 90096 45-80 90040 90096 60-120 90040 90096 30-50 90040 90096 110-160 90040 90096 100-130 90040 90096 80 (initial) 90040 90066 90038 90112 90015 Internal Resistance 90016 90063 (includes peripheral circuits) in mΩ 90040 90112 100 to 200 90118 1 90119 90063 6V pack 90040 90112 200 to 300 90118 1 90119 90063 6V pack 90040 90112 <100 90118 1 90119 90063 12V pack 90040 90112 150 to 250 90118 1 90119 90063 7.2V pack 90040 90112 200 to 300 90118 1 90119 90063 7.2V pack 90040 90112 200 to 2000 90118 1 90119 90063 6V pack 90040 90066 90038 90096 90015 Cycle Life 90016 (to 80% of initial capacity) 90040 90096 1500 90118 2 90119 90040 90072 90040 90066 90075 90076.